Most turf and pasture grasses are subject to infestation. These caterpillars can destroy an entire cutting of hay in just a couple of days. Fall armyworm resembles both armyworm and corn earworm, but fall armyworm has a white inverted y mark on the front of the dark head. Crop stages most affected by fall armyworm in ghana and zambia crop stage most affected ghana zambia emergenceseedling early stage 57% 10% vegetative mid stage 43% 84% flowering 0% 5% post floweringlate stage 0% 1% total 100% 100%. The fall armyworm can colonize over 80 different plant species including many grasses, and crops such as alfalfa, soybean, sorghum, and corn. Pupae of fall armyworm are reddish brown to black in color. Adults are nocturnal, and are most active during warm, humid evenings. Noctuidae 2 duration of the egg stage is only two to three days during the summer months.
An assessment of parasitoids and their selective patterns among spodoptera frugiperda corn and rice host strains was performed from august 2008 to august 2010 in a corn crop and a grass pasture in northern florida under different seasonal conditions spring and fall. Fall armyworm threatens african farmers livelihoods bbc news. Faw represents a real threat to food security and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. Fall armyworm food and agriculture organization of the. Pdf forecasting the global extent of invasion of the cereal pest. When fully grown, they stop feeding for four days and then pupate over a 15 to 20 day period. Third generation bt cottons with three toxins bollgard 3, widestrike 3, twinlink plus develop lower fall armyworm populations compared with second generation bt cotton. Smith is a periodic and significant economic pest in most of the continental united states, capable of causing substantial losses in maize, sorghum, forage grasses, turf grasses, rice, cotton, and peanut production luginbill 1928.
Fall armyworm is one of the most serious pests of maize in the america. Outbreaks of the true armyworm usually occur during the early part of the summer. The fall armyworm is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from the united states to argentina. Larva there usually are six instars in fall armyworm. The fall armyworm is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from. Larger fall armyworm larvae consume large amounts of leaf tissue resulting in a ragged appearance to the leaves similar to grasshopper damage. Fall armyworms are potential turf and pasture pests in late summer and fall.
Fieldevolved resistance of the fall armyworm lepidoptera. Combat armyworms in pastures and hay fields with insecticides. The african armyworm is a migratory moth, the larvae caterpillars of which are important pests of pastures and cereal crops, predominantly in africa south of the sahara, yemen, and certain countries of the pacific region normally, only small numbers of this pest occur, usually on pastures. On each side of their bodies and next to the yellow lines is a wider dark stripe. The reason for this rapid crop loss is that the caterpillars do 80 to 90% of their feeding in the last two to three days of their life. Apr 23, 2017 fall armyworm scouting and control duration.
In addition, faw ear feeding can increase the risk of mycotoxins, such as the development of aflatoxin. The number of generations a moth will have in a year varies based on climate, but in her life span a female will typically lay about 1,500 eggs. The fall armyworm can be a very destructive pest during agricultural cropping seasons due to its wide host range and geographical distribution knipling 1980. Smith is an invasive lepidopteran pest established in most of subsaharan africa since 2016. The african armyworm is widespread in africa south of the sahara, being most prevalent in the east and eastern central regions of the continent. The most common insecticides used to control fall armyworm in mexico tend to be older products in two modes of action groups. They also have a wider dark strip and a wavy yellowred blotched stripe on each side of the body. Dec 14, 2017 fall armyworm male genitalia dissection 2017 duration. Fall armyworm pests corn integrated pest management. Biology life cycle of fall armyworms consists of four stages including eggs, larvae caterpillars, pupae and adults. Forecasting the global extent of invasion of the cereal pest. Fall armyworm is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the americas and has been found in eastern and central north america, south america, and most recently, detected in africa. With its new introduction into the african continent, s.
Free highquality documentaries recommended for you. The corn earworm has an orangebrown head, while the armyworm has a brown head with dark honeycombed markings. During the summer months, fall armyworms remain in the caterpillar stage for around 10 to 14 days, but young caterpillars eat very little, and their damage is easy to overlook. Smith, were collected from 190 fields of maize zea mays l. Early detection works best and is achieved by frequent, thorough inspection of plants.
In addition, faw ear feeding can increase the risk. Pdf understanding the factors influencing fall armyworm. Distributional patterns of fall armyworm parasitoids in a. One possibility therefore is that faw attack in africa could reduce damage caused by other pests. Unlike most other insects in the temperate region, the faw has no diapause mechanism. The fall armyworm is a voracious pest and, given its polyphagous nature, it is expected that. Fall armyworms mississippi state university extension. Fall armyworm feeding noted in cover crops in sesc iowa. During the long dry seasons offseason, the population densities are very low and no outbreaks are seen. Oct 16, 2017 fall armyworms are unpredictable pests that do not overwinter in iowa. They have three yellowwhite hairlines down their backs.
The head is dark brown with a distinct white inverted y marking. Densitydependent biological factors are likely negated by the migratory nature of the pest, allowing it to escape many predators, parasitoids, and entomopathogens. However, by the end of the growing season in late summer, fall armyworm infestations are regularly reported as far north as ontario and quebec, canada rose et al. Facts about armyworms armyworm identification hulett. Oct 12, 2017 then the fall armyworm appeared seemingly out of nowhere. Pupation normally occurs in the soil, but could also occur in reproductive parts. The fall armyworm faw, spodoptera frugiperda je smith lepidoptera. Jun 19, 2018 fall armyworm is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the americas and has been found in eastern and central north america, south america, and most recently, detected in africa. Fall armyworm threatens african farmers livelihoods.
Fall armyworm faw, spodoptera frugiperda, is a dangerous transboundary insect with a high potential to spread rapidly due to its natural distribution capacity and opportunities presented by international trade. Noctuidae, is one of the most devastating pests in terms of crop loss and. This insect displays an outstanding migratory capacity, reaching northern territories of the western. Notably, one of first documented cases of insectresistance in bt crops was in fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j. Fall armyworm is more likely to be an economic pest in corn and vegetable crops. Fall armyworms are similar in size and shape to other moths in the cutworm family. Unlike armyworm, fall armyworm feeds during the day and night, but are usually most active in the morning or late afternoon. Fall armyworm is a significant agricultural pest in the united states, affecting most notably sweet corn and turf grass. Several species of armyworms can be found in the midwest each year. Fall is usually not a time i expect to get questions about armyworms, but last week i received several questions about fall armyworms in cover crops, particularly in cereal rye, triticale, or wheat cover crops. Next to that is an equally wide, wavy, yellow stripe, splotched with red.
Abstract male fall armyworm moths spodoptera frugiperda j. The fall armyworm is native to the americas and survives in temperatures above 10 degrees celsius. Parasitoids and entomopathogens associated with fall armyworm. During favorable seasons, a number of parasitic enemies keep fall armyworm larvae down to moderate numbers. Smith, is a highly mobile insect pest of a wide range of host crops luginbill 1928. The techniques of integrated pest management ipm recommend the use of. Noctuidae, is one of the most devastating pests in terms of crop loss and economic impact, let alone developing countries. The fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is a lepidopteran pest that feeds in large numbers on the leaves, stems and reproductive parts of more than 350 plant species, causing major damage to economically important cultivated grasses such as maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane and wheat but also other vegetable crops and cotton. Large numbers can consume all aboveground plant parts, and. Crop stages most affected by fall armyworm in ghana and zambia. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j e smith lepidoptera, noctuidae, a new alien invasive pest in west and central africa. The fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda is a species in the order lepidoptera and is the larval life stage of a fall armyworm moth.
The african armyworm is found in africa, the arabian peninsula, southeast asia, australasia and oceania including hawaii, usa. Activity and growth are continuous except during very cold weather. A total of 8353 fall armyworm larvae were collected, of which 60. Apr 01, 2020 a new project in south sudan is combatting the fall armyworm, an insect that can cause significant damage to crops, particularly maize. The fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is a lepidopteran pest that feeds in.
Fall armyworm is causing serious damage to maize and may effect other cropsincluding staple crops in the grass family such as sorghum, wheat, ryegrass, and pearl millet. Spread and impact of fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j. While the larvae vary in color, most fall armyworms in the fall are black with three narrow, yellow lines from the head to the end of the abdomen. Maize farmers in subsaharan africa recently experienced unusual damage in their farms, attributed to the fall armyworm faw spodoptera frugiperda j. Beginning as early as late june or july significant fall armyworm populations can occur in arkansas. It is regarded as a pest and can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops, which causes large economic damage.
These are crops that farmers rely on across africa to feed their families. However, periodically the populations increase dramatically and mass. Parasitoids and entomopathogens associated with fall. Fall armyworm is one of the most serious pests of maize in the. The fall armyworm is the insect that causes the most problems in golf courses and home landscapes. Early detection works best and is achieved by frequent, thorough inspection of. The fall armyworm, so called because it eats its way through most of the vegetation in its way as it marches through crops, is native to north and south america but was identified for the first. In the fourth to sixth instar the head is reddish brown, mottled with white. Fall armyworms can strike in most regions of the united states and seem to have been relatively serious during the past few years. It has long been noted that this seasonal geographical localization represents an opportunity for controlling. Fao launches guide to tackle fall armyworm in africa headon fighting faw in an integrated, ecological and sustainable way. Fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda smith agriculture. Fall armyworm faw, one of the most important pests of maize in latin.
However, the development of economically damaging populations depends on a number of factors such as. Endemic to north and south america, the fall armyworm was first spotted in january 2016 in nigeria. Larvae of the nondescript gray moths hatched and ate their way through the field of young corn. It prefers maize, but can feed on more than 80 additional species of crops, including rice, sorghum, millet, sugarcane. Currently, the most effective means to control fall armyworms is to plant bt cotton. If left untreated, fall armyworms spodoptera frugiperda can destroy a pasture or field of crops in a very short time. Although the immediate reaction of governments has been. Fall armyworms pass the winter as partially grown larvae in the soil or under debris in grassy areas. Sep 22, 2016 if left untreated, fall armyworms spodoptera frugiperda can destroy a pasture or field of crops in a very short time. Damage can appear almost overnight and infestations can be easily overlooked when the caterpillars are small and eating very little. Fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is the most damaging insect pest of bermudagrass hayfields.
However, areas with heavy fall armyworm pressure may occasionally require treatment. The main control system is the use of insecticides that frequently damage the natural enemies population cruz et al. With more than half of south sudans current populationnearly 6. Invasion of fall armyworms ravages crops in 20 african.
African armyworm outbreaks tend to be devastating for farmland and pasture in these areas, with the highestdensity outbreaks occurring during the rainy season after periods of prolonged drought. The surface dorsal of the body turns brownish with lateral white lines forming in third instar. The discovery of fall armyworm, a native of the western hemisphere, in western africa in 2016 was rapidly followed by detections throughout subsaharan africa, india, and most recently. The fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most significant maize pests in brazil cruz, 1995. The term armyworm can refer to several species, often describing the largescale invasive behavior of the species larval stage.
The eggs are laid in masses of 150 and are covered in hair. Larvae also were collected from naturally regrowing maize plants after the rainy season. Fall armyworm damaged maize plant identification using. Because its mature moths can fly more than 300 miles 1 thats back and forth to some satellitesit could quickly migrate from africa into southern. It normally overwinters successfully in the united states only in southern florida and southern texas. Most of these studies were generated by collecting larvae under field conditions and details for parasitoid preference of fall armyworm host strainspecificity have not been addressed before. Fall armyworm male genitalia dissection 2017 duration. The aim of this study was to determine the natural occurrence of parasitoids and entomopathogens of s.
The fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is a lepidopteran pest that feeds in large numbers on the leaves, stems and reproductive parts of more than 350 plant species, causing major damage to economically important cultivated grasses such as maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane and wheat but also other vegetable crops. The fall armyworm has not shown the ability to diapause so its ability to survive winter depends on the severity of the temperature. Larval feeding and adult activity most frequently occurs at night, but can. Southeastern asia fall armyworms are closely related to. Noctuidae, is endemic of the tropicalsubtropical regions of the american continent pitre 1988, capinera 2000. Sentinel larvae from our laboratory were placed in both habitats. In the absence of natural control or good management, it can cause significant damage to crops. Indeed, fall armyworm populations in west argentina occur in areas with substantially.
The fall armyworms life cycle is completed within 30 days during summer, and 60 days during the spring and autumn seasons. Fall armyworm larvae are smoothskinned and vary in color from light tan or green to nearly black. Further studies on what damage to host plants other than maize is occurring would be. Fao launches guide to tackle fall armyworm in africa headon. Fall armyworm has four dark spots arranged in a square on top of the eighth abdominal segment. Adults have mottled grey forewings and greywhite hindwings. The hungry caterpillar threatening a global food crisis the spodoptera frugiperda or fall armyworm arrived in africa early last year. Faw has spread across all of subsaharan africa, the near east and asia. Furthermore, the spatial patterns over which fall armyworm parasitoids searches take place in the different habitats where they are found during the. It is named after the time of year it does most damage autumn and its feeding habits. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm spodoptera.
While infesting much of north america, fall armyworms invading the eastern united states arise from annual migrations of populations wintering in southern florida. Faw larvae can cause extensive defoliation, damage the whorl, and feed on kernels of the developing ear. Fall armyworm larvae are pale green to tan sometimes darker with a solid dorsal stripe. Unlike numerous other migrant species, fall armyworm does not possess a capability to enter diapause, a dormant state which allows insects to survive extendedperiods ofinhospitableconditions including.
Fall armyworms mississippi state university extension service. Jun 16, 2014 notably, one of first documented cases of insectresistance in bt crops was in fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda j. In the united states, damage from fall armyworm faw can cause annual losses in corn. A new project in south sudan is combatting the fall armyworm, an insect that can cause significant damage to crops, particularly maize. Fall armyworm moths are attracted to extremely late planted corn, which normally can sustain considerable. Lifecycle fall armyworm in corn belt summer larger larvae may tunnel directly into the ear fall pupation occurs and cycle repeats in warmer climates after development it crawls to the ground to pupate in the soil june july adults lay eggs on immature plants adults blow north on storm fronts in late june and july.
Smith, remains one of the more unusual lepidopteran pests in the united states. This species will feed on a very wide variety of plants but prefers plants in the grass family. In iowa, fall armyworms can be pests in corn, hayfields and pastures, but this is the first time that ive seen them as a pest in cover crops. The fall armyworm faw, or spodoptera frugiperda, is an insect that is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the americas. This pest was first recorded in africa in 2016, but detailed information on its distribution and damage and farmers response in invaded areas are largely lacking. The fall armyworm is a strong flier, and disperses long distances annually during the summer months. The first larval instars are greenish with a black head turning orange in the second instar. Then the fall armyworm appeared seemingly out of nowhere.
387 187 819 451 1142 156 1247 980 1551 229 306 1499 153 1254 1193 1432 241 566 528 576 1444 1143 1036 1373 1268 764 663 735 418 58 317